Personnel

# Personnel

**September 29, 2022**

]

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# Plan for today

.box-3.medium.sp-after[Principals and agents]

.box-8.medium.sp-after[Officers and employees]

.box-1.medium[Volunteers]

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name: principals-agents
class: center middle section-title section-title-3 animated fadeIn

# Principals and agents

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# Principal-agent relationships

.pull-left.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/06/principal-agent.png" alt="Principal-agent relationship" title="Principal-agent relationship" width="60%">
</figure>
]

1. authority
2. autonomy
3. discretion

…to do something for them.
]

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# Nonprofit principals and agents

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# Different types of agency

.box-3.small[Exact identification of responsibility]

.box-3.smaller["Only get these things on the grocery list"]
]

.box-3.small[Partial identification of responsibility]

.box-3.smaller["Go to the fridge, see what's missing, and get that stuff at the store"]
]

.box-3.small[Third party assumes agent has agency]

.box-3.smaller[A principal fires an agent, agent continues doing agent-y things; third party not liable for any bad stuff]

.center.smaller[.smaller[.small[Agency law protects the most innocent party first]]]
]

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# Conflict

.box-inv-3.medium[There's inherent conflict!]

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.box-inv-3.medium[How does the principal make sure the agent does what they want?]

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# Contracts

.box-inv-3.medium[A legal document or understanding that specifies a set of actions that parties to the contract must undertake]

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name: officers-employees
class: center middle section-title section-title-8 animated fadeIn

# Officers and employees

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.box-8.huge[Pop quiz!]

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---

.medium.center[

Which group employs the most people?

- The federal government
- All 50 state governments
- Nonprofits

]

???

Source: O'Neil, *Nonprofit Nation*

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.medium.center[

Which group employs the most people?

- The federal government
- All 50 state governments
- .color-2[**Nonprofits**]

]

???

More than both combined!

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.medium.center[

Which of the following industries employ more people than the nonprofit industry?

.pull-left.small[
- Agriculture
- Transportation, communication, and other public utilities
]

.pull-right.small[
- Mining
- Construction
- Finance, insurance, and real estate
]

]

???

Source: O'Neil, *Nonprofit Nation*

---

.medium.center[

Which of the following industries employ more people than the nonprofit industry?

.pull-left.small[
- Agriculture
- Transportation, communication, and other public utilities
]

.pull-right.small[
- Mining
- Construction
- Finance, insurance, and real estate
]

.box-2.smaller[None of them!]

]

---

.medium.center[

What percentage of nonprofit program officers are women?

- 28%
- 42%
- 68%

]

???

Source: O'Neil, *Nonprofit Nation*

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.medium.center[

What percentage of nonprofit program officers are women?

- 28%
- 42%
- .color-2[**68%**]

]

???

Majority of boards are men though

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<figure>
 <img src="img/06/board-diversity.png" alt="Board diversity" title="Board diversity" width="100%">
</figure>
]

???

https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/bitstream/handle/1805/15239/board-diversity180220.pdf

---

<figure>
 <img src="img/06/board-diversity-table.png" alt="Board diversity" title="Board diversity" width="100%">
</figure>
]

???

https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/bitstream/handle/1805/15239/board-diversity180220.pdf

---

.medium.center[

Considering skill, experience, and work duties, what percentage of nonprofit employees are underpaid?

- 20–30%
- 50–60%
- 80–90%

]

???

Source: O'Neil, *Nonprofit Nation*

---

.medium.center[

Considering skill, experience, and work duties, what percentage of nonprofit employees are underpaid?

- .color-2[**20–30%**]
- 50–60%
- 80–90%

]

???

Once you go beyond entry level positions, you get paid normal amounts

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.box-8.medium[Why are there so many misconceptions about nonprofit employment?]

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# Typical nonprofit structure

.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/04/nonprofit-structure.png" alt="Nonprofit structure" title="Nonprofit structure" width="70%">
</figure>
]

---

# Typical nonprofit jobs?

.small[
- Executive director
- Assistant directors
  - Development
  - Finance
  - Operations
  - Planning/marketing
  - Public relations
  - Human resources
]
]

.small[
- Program officers
- Accountants
- Legal staff
- HR specialists
- Graphic and web designers
- Administrative assistants
]
]

---

# Typical large nonprofit structure

.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/06/org-structure.png" alt="Nonprofit structure" title="Nonprofit structure" width="100%">
</figure>
]

---

# Typical small nonprofit jobs?

---

# Simplified nonprofit structure

.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/06/org-structure-small.png" alt="Nonprofit structure" title="Nonprofit structure" width="100%">
</figure>
]

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# Types of positions

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# HR compliance

.pull-left-3.small[
- Hiring policies
- Firing policies
- Overtime policies
- Leave .small[(sick/maternity/bereavement/medical/family/military)]
- Vacation
]

.pull-middle-3.small[
- Personal days
- Holidays
- Jury duty
- Health insurance .small[(and ACA regulations)]
- Life insurance
- Retirement plans
]

.pull-right-3.small[
- Payroll
- Employee evaluation
- Raises
- Benefits
- Training
- Legal compliance
- **AND MORE**
]

.box-8.smaller[This is why there are whole HR departments!]

---

# Discrimination

.float-left.center[.box-8.small[Race]&ensp;.box-8.small[Color]&ensp;.box-8.small[Sex]&ensp;.box-8.small[Religion]&ensp;.box-8.small[Age]]

.float-left.center.sp-after[.box-8.small[National origin]&ensp;.box-8.small[Disability]&ensp;.box-8.small[Pregnancy]&ensp;.box-8.small[Familial status]]

.float-left.center.sp-after[.box-8.small[Sexual orientation]&ensp;.box-8.small[Gender identity]]

???

- https://www.aclu.org/know-your-rights/lgbtq-rights/
- https://freedomforallamericans.org/states/

---

# Illegal interview questions

.box-inv-8[Questions relating to protected class stuff .small[(race, sex, religion, disability, etc.)]]

.box-inv-8[Questions that can hint at protected class stuff .small[(# of children, childcare arrangements, if pregnant, height/weight, etc.)]]

.box-inv-8[If applicant has been arrested or convicted of a crime .small[(without proof of business necessity for asking)]]

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name: volunteers
class: center middle section-title section-title-1 animated fadeIn

# Volunteers

---

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# Americans love volunteering

???

VolunteeringInAmerica.gov, 2018

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# Formal vs. informal

.box-1.small.sp-after[Organized by a nonprofit with a specific goal]

.box-1.small[Sorting items at a food bank]
]

.box-1.small.sp-after[Focused on individuals you're connected to]

.box-1.small[Feeding your neighbor's cat]
]

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.box-1.large[Why do you volunteer?]

---

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# Why do people volunteer?

.box-inv-1.medium[Altruism]

.box-inv-1.medium[Ego]

.box-inv-1.medium[Coercion]

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# Free labor?

.box-inv-1.small.sp-after[(Hire a volunteer coordinator if you have lots of volunteers)]

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# General guidelines

.box-1.smaller[Volunteers sense your mission, but not necessarily your vision]

.box-1.smaller[Make sure they're properly trained]
]

.box-1.smaller[Volunteers see and hear things that you'll miss]

.box-1.smaller[Create a structured feedback system to hear from them]
]

.box-1.smaller[Recognition and appreciation are inexpensive forms of compensation]

.box-1.smaller[Returning volunteers save on training costs]
]

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.box-1.large[Should you pay volunteers?]

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# Crowding out

.float-left.center.sp-after[.box-inv-1.less-medium[Extrinsic motivations]&ensp;.box-inv-1.less-medium[Intrinsic motivations]]

.box-1.small[Blood donations]

.box-1.small[Taxes]

.box-1.small[Favors]

.box-1.small[Thanksgiving]

.box-1.small[Playgroups and daycares]

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# Crowding out

.box-inv-1.sp-after[Don't violate important social relationships by reducing services to a market transaction]

.box-1.large[Pay enough or don't pay at all]

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# Volunteer compensation

.box-inv-1.small.sp-after[If you pay volunteers with money, you need to pay them like employees, which then makes them more like employees or contractors]

.pull-left[
.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/06/nonprofit-swag.jpg" alt="Nonprofit swag (by Vox)" title="Nonprofit swag (by Vox)" width="90%">
</figure>
]
]

.pull-right[
.box-inv-1["Paying" with recognition, appreciation, food, swag, stuff, etc. feels different]

???

https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2020/1/9/21031551/non-profit-donor-gifts

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# Volunteer management

.box-inv-1.medium.sp-after[Organizations that know how to manage volunteers will get the best results]

.center.small[https://www.acfb.org/volunteer/]